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Friday, August 21, 2020

Umar bin al-Khataab | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death


Umar bin al-Khatāb
(Radiallah o Ta’ala Anho)

The second Caliph of Islam
(The Ameer-ul-Mo’mineen):

Umar bin al-Khaṭtāb was born in 586 CE (Common Era) in Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia] and died on November 3, 644 CE in Medina, Arabia).
After the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), his closest friend Abu Bakr became his successor and led the Muslims for around two years. When Abu Bakr felt his own death approaching, he gathered his closest friends and advisers around him and informed them that their allegiance to him was over. Abu Bakr hoped that these men would choose his successor from among themselves. However, after much discussion Abu Bakr’s companions returned to him and asked him to choose for them for they trusted his choice beyond question. Abu Bakr chose Umar(R.A). Thus the Umar(R.A) became the second Muslim Caliph(634-644 CE),  of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE, as the first four Caliphs are referred to by the Sunni Muslims) under whom Arab armies conquered Mesopotamia and Syria and began the conquest of Iran and Egypt.
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

In the times of ignorance in about 615 , Umar(R.A) grazed camels. Before accepting Islam, Umar(R.A) was one of the most rabid enemies of Muhammad, the Messenger of God.
When Muhammad proclaimed his mission, many people acknowledged him as the Messenger of God. Umar(R.A) acknowledged him as Messenger of God after six years.
He was an early convert of Islam and one of the close companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (l. 570-632 CE). His position in the state was marked by Muhammad’s marriage to his daughter Ḥafṣah in 625. After the death of Muhammad, he gave his utmost and loyal support to the first Caliph  Abu Bakr,. After Abu Bakr’s death in 634 CE Umar(R.A) became second Caliph and  as a Caliph, ʿUmar(R.A) was the first to call himself “commander of the faithful” (amir al-muʾmineen). His reign saw the transformation of the Islamic state from an Arabian principality to a world power.
UMAR(R.A)’S FIRST PRIORITY WAS TO CONSOLIDATE HIS HOLD OVER THE EMPIRE & GET A GRIP ON THE ADMINISTRATION.
After Abu Bakr's success, Umar(R.A) served as his counsel and learned a great deal from him as well (most importantly leadership). Caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632-634 CE) faced open rebellion of apostates (people who had forsaken Islam) all over the Arabian Peninsula. He subjugated all of them in what came to be known as the Ridda Wars or the wars of apostasy (632-633 CE). After reuniting the Arabs, Abu Bakr launched invasions into Byzantine-held Syria and Sassanian-held Iraq in 633 CE, which bore fruit by the time of his death in 634 CE (despite a minor setback in Iraq).
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

The most notable military figure of Abu Bakr's era was Khalid ibn al-Walid (l. 585-642 CE), Abu Bakr had cherished him (despite his flaws) for his unique talent in warfare. Khalid's skills proved to be much needed in the Ridda Wars and in the subsequent invasion of Iraq as well; from Iraq, he moved to the Syrian front to confront a major Byzantine counterattack, on the orders of Abu Bakr, at the Battle of Ajnadayn (634 CE). That day proved to be a decisive Muslim victory but Abu Bakr did not live long enough to enjoy the success and the Muslim advance in Iraq had also been compromised in Khalid's absence. At his death bed, Abu Bakr nominated Umar(R.A) as his successor, who then became the Caliph in 634 CE (he added the phrase “commander of the faithful” after his title) and ruled for ten years until 644 CE. Umar(R.A)’s first priority was to consolidate his hold over the empire and get a grip on the administration, he then turned his attention towards the ongoing campaigns in Iraq and Syria.
Umar(R.A) stripped Khalid of his command of the Syrian division for uncertain and highly debated reasons. He instead entrusted the command to his favorite person: Abu Ubaidah (l. 583-639 CE), a humane leader and a true gentleman; he had also been one of Muhammad’s favorite companions (there were ten in total, four of whom were the four Rashidun Caliphs). The Caliph also reinforced the Muslim forces in Iraq with fresh troops under a new leader: Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (l. 595-674 CE).

Canals:

Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar(R.A) sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar(R.A)'s rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the new city for irrigation and drinking water.[68] Al-Tabari reports that 'Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage.[citation needed] After the city was built, Umar(R.A) appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, linking Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. Umar(R.A) also adopted a policy of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during the Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals.[69]

Battle of Yarmouk:

Battle of Yarmouk, also called the Battle of Yarmuk, (20 August 636). After the devastating blow to the Sassanid Persians at Firaz, the Muslim Arab forces, under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid, took on the army of the Christian Byzantine Empire at Yarmouk near the border of modern-day Syria and Jordan. The major battle was to continue for six days.
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

After the victory at Firaz, Khalid had virtually conquered Mesopotamia. . Yarmouk was Khalid’s greatest victory and ended Byzantine rule in Syria. From this Victory not only the Muslim’s position in Syria become uncontested but they also took hold of the Levant soon after; later in the same year, they were at the gates of Jerusalem – the third holiest Islamic city, also holy for the Jews and Christians.
Battle of Al-Qadisiyya:

Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, (636/637), battle fought near Al-Ḥīrah (in present-day Iraq) between forces of the Sāsānian dynasty and an invading Arab army. The Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636 CE) proved to be hopeless for the Arabs at first but the fateful death of Rustam demoralized his forces who were then utterly defeated. 
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

The Rashidun forces had emerged triumphant against staggering odds once again, and this victory had immediately brought the whole of Iraq and the Sassanian capital of Ctesiphon under their control.
 The Arab victory over the army of Yazdegerd III (reigned 632–651) marked the end of his dynasty and the beginning of Arab and Islamic rule in Persia.

Some Golden sayings of Umar(R.A):

1. “The best way to defeat someone is to beat him at politeness.”                                    (Umar bin Al-Khattab)

2. “Do not grieve over what has passed unless it makes you work harder for what is about to come.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

3. “Whosoever shows you your faults is your friend. Thos that pay you lip service in praise are your executioners.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

4. “I have never regretted my silence, as for my speech I’ve regretted it many times.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

5. “The less attachment to the world. The easier your life.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

6. “Remind yourselves of God, for it is a cure. Do not remind yourselves of the people, for it is a disease.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

7. “A man should be like a child with his wife, but if she needs him, he should act like a man.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

8. “The most beloved of people to me is he that points out my flaws to me.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

9. “Learn the Arabic language; it will sharpen your wisdom.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

10. “Sit with those who love God, for that enlightens the mind.”
(Umar bin Al-Khattab)

Last Days of Umar(R.A):

The  Last  Jumu’ah  Khutbah  given  by  ‘Umar(R.A)  in  Madinah:

‘Abdur-Rahman  ibn  ‘Awf  (radhiyallahu anhu)  narrated  some  of  what  Umar(R.A)  (radhiyallahu anhu)  said  in  his  khutbah  on  Friday  21  Dhu  al-Hijjah  23  A.H.,  which  was  his  last  khutbah.  Umar(R.A)  (radhiyallahu anhu)  himself  told  the  Muslims  of  a  dream  that  he  had  seen  and  interpreted  it  for  them.  He  said  in  that  last  khutbah:  “I  have  seen  a  dream,  and  I  think  it  signals  my  death.
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

I  saw  myself  being  pecked  by  a  rooster  twice,  and  the  people  were  telling  me  to  appoint  a  Caliph  after  me.  Allah  will  not  cause  His  religion  or  His  Caliphate  to  be  lost,  nor  that  with  which  He  sent  His  Prophet.  If  I  die,  then  the  Caliphate  is  to  be  decided  by  a  council  of  these  six  men  with  whom  the  Messenger  of  Allah  (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  was  pleased  when  he  died.”  [Al-Mawsooah  al-Hadeethiyah  Musnad  al-Imam  Ahmad,  no.  89,  its  isnad  is saheeh].

The  Date  of  his  death  and  his  age  at  death:

Adh-Dhahabi  said:  “He  was  martyred  on  a  Wednesday,  the twenty-sixth  or  twenty-seventh  of  Dhu  al-Hijjah  23  A.H.,  and  he  was  sixty-three  years  old  according  to  the  correct  view.” [At-Tahdheeb,  no. 177]
His  Caliphate  lasted  a  little  more  than  ten  and  a  half  years.  [Siyar  as-Salaf  by  Abu  al-Qasim  al-Isfahani, 1/160]

Ghusl,  funeral  prayer  and  burial:

It  was  narrated  from  ‘Abdullah  ibn  Umar(R.A) that  Umar(R.A) was  washed  and  shrouded  and  the  funeral  prayer  was  offered  for  him,  although  he  was  a  martyr. [At-Tabaqat,  3/366,  its  isnad  is  saheeh]
The  burial  of  Umar(R.A) 
“He  was  buried  in  the  room  where  the Prophet  (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam)  was  buried.”  [Mahd  as Sawab, 3/846]
Ibn  al-Jawzi  narrated  that  Jabir  said:  “Sa’eed  ibn  Zayd,  Suhayb  and  ‘Abdullah  ibn  Umar(R.A went  down  into  the  grave  of  Umar(R.A)
There  is  no  dispute  among  the  scholars;  all  are  agreed  that  the  Prophet  (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam),  Abu Bakr  and  Umar(R.A)  are  buried  in  this  place  in  the  Prophet’s  Mosque.  [Ibid]
 
Umar bin al-Khataab  | History, Biography, Achievements, & Death

After his death, he was succeeded by Usman ibn Affan (l. 579-656 CE) as the third ruler of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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